Nauel Molina, Jose Maria Jimenez and Alvaro Morata scored in the first half, and the quintet was completed with an upside-down goal from Joaquin and another from Memphis Depay after Valladolid pulled the deficit to 3-2.
With six games remaining, Atletico took their tally to 66 points, closing the gap to Real, who beat Almeria 4-2 on Saturday.
Barcelona top the table with 79 points and are on course to clinch the title for the 27th time, following their resounding 4-0 victory over Real Betis on Saturday.
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